教案(用二分法方程近似解)

  课题:用二分法求方程的近似解

 广饶一中艺体中心 张士祥

 教学目标:

  知识与技能 通过具体实例理解二分法的概念及其适用条件,了解二分法是求方程近似解的常用方法,从中体会函数与方程之间的联系及其在实际问题中的应用.

  过程与方法 能借助计算器用二分法求方程的近似解,并了解这一数学思想,为学习算法做准备.

  情感、态度、价值观 体会数学逼近过程,感受精确与近似的相对统一.

 教学重点:

 重点 通过用二分法求方程的近似解,体会函数的零点与方程根之间的联系,初步形成用函数观点处理问题的意识.

 难点 恰当地使用信息技术工具,利用二分法求给定精确度的方程的近似解.

 教学程序与环节设计:

 环节 教学内容设计 师生双边互动 创

 设

 情

 境 材料一:二分查找(第六届全国青少年信息学(计算机)奥林匹克分区联赛提高组初赛试题第题)某数列有个各不相同的单元,由低至高按序排列;现要对该数列进行二分法检索,在最坏的情况下,需检索(? )单元。A. B.? C.? D.二分法检索二分查找或折半查找的零点(即的根),对于为一次或二次函数,我们有熟知的公式解法(二次时,称为求根公式).

 在十六世纪,已找到了三次和四次函数的求根公式,但对于高于4次的函数,类似的努力却一直没有成功,到了十九世纪,根据阿贝尔(Abel)和伽罗瓦(Galois)的研究,人们认识到高于4次的代数方程不存在求根公式,亦即,不存在用四则运算及根号表示的一般的公式解.同时,即使对于3次和4次的代数方程,其公式解的表示也相当复杂,一般来讲并不适宜作具体计算.因此对于高次多项式函数及其它的一些函数,有必要寻求其零点的近似解的方法,这是一个在计算数学中十分重要的课题.

 师:从学生感兴趣的计算机编程问题,引导学生分析二分法的算法思想与方法,引入课题.

 生:体会二分查找的思想与方法.

 师:从高次代数方程的解的探索历程,引导学生认识引入二分法的意义. 组

 织

 探

 究 二分法及步骤:

 对于在区间,上连续不断,且满足·的函数,通过不断地把函数的零点所在的区间一分为二,使区间的两个端点逐步逼近零点,进而得到零点近似值的方法叫做二分法.

 给定精度,用二分法求函数的零点近似值的步骤如下:

 1.确定区间,,验证·,给定精度;

 2.求区间,的中点;

 3.计算:

 师:阐述二分法的逼近原理,引导学生理解二分法的算法思想,明确二分法求函数近似零点的具体步骤.

 分析条件

 “·”、“精度”、“区间中点”及“”的意义. 环节 呈现教学材料 师生互动设计 组

 织

 探

 究 若=,则就是函数的零点;

  若·<,则令=(此时零点);

  若·<,则令=(此时零点);

 4.判断是否达到精度;

 即若,则得到零点零点值(或);否则重复步骤2~4.

 生:结合引例“二分查找”理解二分法的算法思想与计算原理.

 师:引导学生分析理解求区间,的中点的方法. 例题解析:

 例1.求函数的一个正数零点(精确到).

 分析:首先利用函数性质或借助计算机、计算器画出函数图象,确定函数零点大致所在的区间,然后利用二分法逐步计算解答.

 解:(略).

 注意:

  第一步确定零点所在的大致区间,,可利用函数性质,也可借助计算机或计算器,但尽量取端点为整数的区间,尽量缩短区间长度,通常可确定一个长度为1的区间;

  建议列表样式如下:

 零点所在区间

 中点函数值

 区间长度

 [1,2]

 >0

 1

 [1,1.5]

 <0

 0.5

 [1.25,1.5]

 <0

 0.25

 如此列表的优势:计算步数明确,区间长度小于精度时,即为计算的最后一步.

 例2.借助计算器或计算机用二分法求方程

 的近似解(精确到).

 解:(略).

 思考:本例除借助计算器或计算机确定方程解所在的大致区间和解的个数外,你是否还可以想到有什么方法确定方程的根的个数?

 结论:图象在闭区间,上连续的单调函数,在,上至多有一个零点. 师:引导学生利用二分法逐步寻求函数零点的近似值,注意规范方法、步骤与书写格式.

 生:根据二分法的思想与步骤独立完成解答,并进行交流、讨论、评析.

 师:引导学生应用函数单调性确定方程解的个数.

 生:认真思考,运用所学知识寻求确定方程解的个数的方法,并进行、讨论、交流、归纳、概括、评析形成结论. 环节 呈现教学材料 师生互动设计 探

 究

 与

 发

 现 函数零点的性质

 从“数”的角度看:即是使的实数;

 从“形”的角度看:即是函数的图象与轴交点的横坐标;

 若函数的图象在处与轴相切,则零点通常称为不变号零点;

 若函数的图象在处与轴相交,则零点通常称为变号零点.

 用二分法求函数的变号零点

 二分法的条件·表明用二分法求函数的近似零点都是指变号零点. 师:引导学生从“数”和“形”两个角度去体会函数零点的意义,掌握常见函数零点的求法,明确二分法的适用范围. 尝

 试

 练

 习 教材P106练习1、2题;

 教材P108习题3.1(A组)第1、2题;

 求方程的解的个数及其大致所在区间;

 求方程的实数解的个数;

 探究函数与函数的图象有无交点,如有交点,求出交点,或给出一个与交点距离不超过的点.

  学生练习

 教师巡视,及时的发现问题并纠正,将错误多的题目在黑板展示正确的解答过程 作

 业

 回

 馈 教材P108习题3.1(A组)第3~6题、(B组)第4题;

 提高作业:

  已知函数

 .

 (1)为何值时,函数的图象与轴有两个交点?

 (2)如果函数的一个零点在原点,求的值.

  借助于计算机或计算器,用二分法求函数

 的零点(精确到);

  用二分法求的近似值(精确到). 环节 呈现教学材料 师生互动设计 课

 外

 活

 动 查找有关系资料或利用internet查找有关高次代数方程的解的研究史料,追寻阿贝尔(Abel)和伽罗瓦(Galois),增强探索精神,培养创新意识. 收

 获

 与

 体

 会 说说方程的根与函数的零点的关系,并给出判定方程在某个区间存在根的基本步骤,及方程根的个数的判定方法;

 谈谈通过学习求函数的零点和求方程的近似解,对数学有了哪些新的认识?

 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use

 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use

 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use

 创设情境

 组织探究

 探索发现

 尝试练习

 作业回馈

 课外活动

 由二分查找及高次多项式方程的求问题引入.

 二分法的意义、算法思想及方法步骤.

 体会函数零点的意义,明确二分法的适用范围.

 二分法的算法思想及方法步骤,初步应用二分法解决简单问题.

 二分法应用于实际.

 二分法为什么可以逼近零点的再分析;

 追寻阿贝尔和伽罗瓦.

推荐访问:用方程来解应用题教案 近似 方程 教案